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Joshua Meyrowitz - Wikipedia. Joshua Meyrowitz (1.
Joshua Meyrowitz (1949) is a professor of communications at the department of Communication at the University of New Hampshire in Durham. He has published works regarding the effects of mass media, including No Sense of Place: The Impact of Electronic.
Communication at the University of New Hampshire in Durham. He has published works regarding the effects of mass media, including No Sense of Place: The Impact of Electronic Media on Social Behavior, an analysis of the effects various media technologies have caused, particularly television. No Sense of Place. He argues that television is a .
According to Meyrowitz, new media like television have removed barriers and increased access to previously restricted information is responsible for the shift in cultural and social barriers between children and adults, men and women, and even humanizing and demystifying the powerful. In 1. 98. 2, Postman published The Disappearance of Childhood, which discussed themes similar to one of the case studies in Meyrowitz's dissertation. Meyrowitz draws upon Erving Goffman's work on social life, in the form of face- to- face interactions, as a kind of multi- stage drama (primarily from Goffman's work The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life) and Marshall Mc. Luhan's work on changes in media of communication (primarily from Mc.
Luhan's works The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man and Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man). It has been suggested that Meyrowitz was either the first person to combine these theories for analysis, or he was the first to do so in a meaningful way. He presents this view throughout the book, examining how it relates to different aspects of social and cultural construction (including the public versus private spheres of life, group identity, authority and hierarchy, etiquette, gender identity and gender roles, and childhood and adulthood). The book's central contention is that new media like television have removed barriers in a manner unseen with media like print publications (including books and newspapers), radio, telephone, cinema, and other forms of mass media that predate television. Meyrowitz argues that it is the ease of use, ubiquity or nearly universal access to this information, and the blurring of front- stage and back- stage behavior that removes previous barriers of information (p. Further, he argues that books require a greater degree of literacy and varying levels of literacy and comprehension than does television (pp.
Likewise, Meyrowitz observes that televisions shows (e. The West Wing), through storytelling, can reveal secrets about authority figures and institutions. Thus, positions once revered may lose their mystique and become viewed as commonplace. Reviews and criticism. Moreover, it is written in a style that can be read and understood by readers both inside and outside of academia. These causal connections between the media and social and cultural changes without exploring other possible factors or influences.
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Social Construction of Technology theory argues that use of media is influenced by an agent's (both senders and receivers) attitudes and behaviors, their expertise of the medium, and external influences on the agents/users of the medium. In part, the Dual Capacity model of communication argues that the communication capabilities of the users (sender, receiver, and/or organization), in conjunction with the user's understanding of task contingencies (i. Others have used . He writes that media like television offer viewers a way of understanding their physical location merely one community of many possible communities in which they exist. These newer electronic media promote the establishment of group identity by .
Children become exposed to a variety of images and information, which . As children become older the level at which they were able to read increases, allowing children to gradually explore adult issues. Television blurs the boundaries between children and adults because children are now given earlier access to information about those adult issues. Meyrowitz argues that it is for this reason that children appreciate television so much, it is able to . He claims this has led .
Meyrowitz terms this . Because of the immediacy of information to the common citizen about all issues of society, they are now able to closely inspect the image of our leaders, creating a demystification of their presence. He proposes that there are a minimum of three types (or metaphors) of media literacy: media content literacy, media grammar literacy, and medium literacy. He suggests that media content literacy derives from the perspective of media as .
This model of literacy presumes that communication contains a message, delivered through a medium, and that the message can be analyzed apart from the medium through which it is delivered. The ability to access, evaluate, and interpret content is the foundation of content literacy. To further explain this concept, Meyrowitz uses news media. Advanced literacy involves understandings of how news stories are constructed, the existence of inherent biases by news organizations and the individuals within them, and how various social, political, and institutional influences affect stories. Media grammar literacy. Thus, each medium possesses its own grammar and how production variables affect elements of content.
Meyrowitz offers examples for a few media. Print media production variables include page size and format, color, and texture, typeface design, size, and color, and the use of spacing, punctuation, negative space, graphics, and more. Photography production variables include framing, depth of field, lens type, exposure, film vs. He then acknowledges that television and film will use many of those production variables found in print and photography, but then add their own. Thus, despite the existence of some shared production variables in many media, each medium possess its own unique combination of variables. Meyrowitz develops this concept further by examining various techniques used in television and film (e.
An example of how one subset borrows from another is use of documentary- style production values used in a dramatic movie in order to establish the appearance of factual storytelling rather than fiction. He argues that media grammar does not receive much attention, in part, because most people are unaware of the wide range of production variables used.
However, he acknowledges that this is partly because producers of content generally want views to be aware of content elements and not the production elements. Yet, the more a person is exposed to a specific production variable, the more that variable becomes increasingly noticeable. Medium literacy. Meyrowitz writes that this type of literacy is most often associated with Marshall Mc. Luhan's work, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. Medium literacy involves understanding the differences between one medium and another and how the inherent characteristics of each shapes communication on the micro and macro levels. His examples of this include: type of sensory information (single or multiple; visual, auditory, or olfactory), form (e. Micro- level analysis involves individual and interpersonal situations.
Meyrowitz offers dating as an example situation, specifically examining why someone might choose to begin a dating relationship in person (e. Macro- level analysis of medium literacy is situated in the societal level.
One of his examples is how use of the telephone changed norms for dating rituals and business practices. Meyrowitz writes that medium literacy is the . Finally, he offers that a medium's environment is most observable when the medium (or technology) is new to society. Once people are accustomed to the medium, its environment becomes increasingly more difficult to observe. Despite the sophistication of technology - allowing us to communicate and experience people and places far from us and multi- task, we still engage this technology (thus, have the experience) in the time and place in which we are physically located. Different media allow us to incorporate . Using Mead's concept of .
Media have expanded our range of experience. We have social connections with people who are not proximal to ourselves. Likewise, while becoming more engaged with others distant to ourselves, we may become less engaged with the people in the places where we live.
Additionally, media expand our concept of a . Our locality is no longer necessarily the center of our constructed world or the sole source for our experiences in the world. Meyrowitz suggests that this is of greater consequence today than ever before, because of modern media. These modern media help us to establish a much broader concept of the social arena - enhancing our connections to distant people and places and potentially weakening our local relationships, and establishing our locality as a mere . Thus, we may live in a place without truly integrating into it. Further, he argues, the pervasive nature of modern media (e.
Effort is required to establish restricted boundaries around our experiences. Because of this, our definitions of a situation are varied and unstable, as our boundaries are permeable and ever changing. Oxford University Press.
No Sense of Place: The Impact of Electronic Media on Social Behavior. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 1.
Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media (5. Journal of Environmental Psychology. In Jon Downing, Ali Mohammadi and Annabelle Sreberney- Mohammadi. Questioning the Media.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Journal of Communication.